Creating biohybrid robots—machines powered by lab-grown muscle—has been a lengthy process. Their flexibility allows them to maneuver through small or complex spaces.
However, there has been a significant obstacle. Current artificial muscles can only pull in one direction, restricting their movement. It’s akin to a robot that can flex its arm but cannot rotate it.
Researchers at MIT have developed a sophisticated robotic system capable of multi-directional motion. They have demonstrated artificial muscles that can move in various directions, resembling the iris of an eye.
To demonstrate their concept, they created a muscle-powered structure that can contract in a circular motion and outward. Using a technique called “stamping,” they 3D-printed a tiny stamp with microscopic grooves and pressed it into a soft hydrogel to form a blueprint for muscle growth.
Muscle cells are placed into grooves to create fibers. When stimulated, these muscles contract, moving the fibers in various directions. “With this iris design, we have developed the first skeletal muscle-powered robot that generates force in multiple directions.”
This stamp approach uniquely enabled research advancement,” said the Eugene Bell Career Development Professor of Tissue Engineering in MIT’s Department of Mechanical Engineering. The lab has been developing techniques to cultivate and train lab-grown muscle cells.
Developing artificial muscles that can move predictably in multiple directions has been a significant challenge. One remarkable characteristic of natural muscle tissue is its ability to move in various directions. For instance, the circular muscles found in our iris and around our trachea are specifically designed for multi-directional movement.
“Muscle cells in our arms and legs do not align straight but at an angle,” she explained. “Natural muscle has multiple orientations, which we haven’t been able to replicate.” The team 3D-printed a small stamp with grooves that match the size of individual muscle cells.
The researchers coated the stamp with protein before pressing it into the hydrogel. This layer ensured an even pattern transfer and allowed for easy removal without damaging the delicate gel.
The team created a model of the human iris muscle structure to demonstrate their stamping technique. The model featured circular and radial fibers that allow for dilation and constriction. They then imprinted the iris pattern onto a hydrogel and added genetically modified light-responsive cells.
Within 24 hours, the cells decisively settled into the grooves and fused to form muscle fibers in a precise iris-like pattern. When stimulated with light, the artificial iris confidently contracts in multiple directions, clearly demonstrating the capability to create complex, multidirectional muscle tissue.
In this study, we aimed to demonstrate that our stamp approach can be used to create a ‘robot’ capable of performing tasks that previous muscle-powered robots could not achieve. We focused on using skeletal muscle cells; however, there is nothing that prevents us from applying this method to other types of cells.
2 Corinthians 11:14 And no marvel; for Satan himself is transformed into an angel of light.
2 Corinthians 4:4 In whom the god of this world hath blinded the minds of them which believe not, lest the light of the glorious gospel of Christ, who is the image of God, should shine unto them.
Revelation 13:5 And there was given unto him a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies; and power was given unto him to continue forty and two months.
Revelation 13:6 And he opened his mouth in blasphemy against God, to blaspheme his name, and his tabernacle, and them that dwell in heaven.
Revelation 13:11 And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth; and he had two horns like a lamb, and he spake as a dragon.
Revelation 13:12 And he exerciseth all the power of the first beast before him, and causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed.
Revelation 13:13 And he doeth great wonders, so that he maketh fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men,
Revelation 13:14 And deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by the means of those miracles which he had power to do in the sight of the beast; saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast, which had the wound by a sword, and did live.
Revelation 13:15 And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the image of the beast should be killed.
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